HackTricks Press
Search K

Appearance

BROP - Blind Return Oriented Programming ​

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Other ways to support HackTricks:

Basic Information ​

The goal of this attack is to be able to abuse a ROP via a buffer overflow without any information about the vulnerable binary.
This attack is based on the following scenario:

  • A stack vulnerability and knowledge of how to trigger it.
  • A server application that restarts after a crash.

Attack ​

1. Find vulnerable offset sending one more character until a malfunction of the server is detected ​

2. Brute-force canary to leak it ​

3. Brute-force stored RBP and RIP addresses in the stack to leak them ​

You can find more information about these processes here (BF Forked & Threaded Stack Canaries) and here (BF Addresses in the Stack).

4. Find the stop gadget ​

This gadget basically allows to confirm that something interesting was executed by the ROP gadget because the execution didn't crash. Usually, this gadget is going to be something that stops the execution and it's positioned at the end of the ROP chain when looking for ROP gadgets to confirm a specific ROP gadget was executed

5. Find BROP gadget ​

This technique uses the ret2csu gadget. And this is because if you access this gadget in the middle of some instructions you get gadgets to control rsi and rdi:

https://www.scs.stanford.edu/brop/bittau-brop.pdf

These would be the gadgets:

  • pop rsi; pop r15; ret
  • pop rdi; ret

Notice how with those gadgets it's possible to control 2 arguments of a function to call.

Also, notice that the ret2csu gadget has a very unique signature because it's going to be poping 6 registers from the stack. SO sending a chain like:

'A' * offset + canary + rbp + ADDR + 0xdead * 6 + STOP

If the STOP is executed, this basically means an address that is popping 6 registers from the stack was used. Or that the address used was also a STOP address.

In order to remove this last option a new chain like the following is executed and it must not execute the STOP gadget to confirm the previous one did pop 6 registers:

'A' * offset + canary + rbp + ADDR

Knowing the address of the ret2csu gadget, it's possible to infer the address of the gadgets to control rsi and rdi.

6. Find PLT ​

The PLT table can be searched from 0x400000 or from the leaked RIP address from the stack (if PIE is being used). The entries of the table are separated by 16B (0x10B), and when one function is called the server doesn't crash even if the arguments aren't correct. Also, checking the address of a entry in the PLT + 6B also doesn't crash as it's the first code executed.

Therefore, it's possible to find the PLT table checking the following behaviours:

  • 'A' * offset + canary + rbp + ADDR + STOP -> no crash
  • 'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (ADDR + 0x6) + STOP -> no crash
  • 'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (ADDR + 0x10) + STOP -> no crash

7. Finding strcmp ​

The strcmp function sets the register rdx to the length of the string being compared. Note that rdx is the third argument and we need it to be bigger than 0 in order to later use write to leak the program.

It's possible to find the location of strcmp in the PLT based on its behaviour using the fact that we can now control the 2 first arguments of functions:

  • strcmp(<non read addr>, <non read addr>) -> crash
  • strcmp(<non read addr>, <read addr>) -> crash
  • strcmp(<read addr>, <non read addr>) -> crash
  • strcmp(<read addr>, <read addr>) -> no crash

It's possible to check for this by calling each entry of the PLT table or by using the PLT slow path which basically consist on calling an entry in the PLT table + 0xb (which calls to dlresolve) followed in the stack by the entry number one wishes to probe (starting at zero) to scan all PLT entries from the first one:

  • strcmp(<non read addr>, <read addr>) -> crash
    • b'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (BROP + 0x9) + RIP + (BROP + 0x7) + p64(0x300) + p64(0x0) + (PLT + 0xb ) + p64(ENTRY) + STOP -> Will crash
  • strcmp(<read addr>, <non read addr>) -> crash
    • b'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (BROP + 0x9) + p64(0x300) + (BROP + 0x7) + RIP + p64(0x0) + (PLT + 0xb ) + p64(ENTRY) + STOP
  • strcmp(<read addr>, <read addr>) -> no crash
    • b'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (BROP + 0x9) + RIP + (BROP + 0x7) + RIP + p64(0x0) + (PLT + 0xb ) + p64(ENTRY) + STOP

Remember that:

  • BROP + 0x7 point to pop RSI; pop R15; ret;
  • BROP + 0x9 point to pop RDI; ret;
  • PLT + 0xb point to a call to dl_resolve.

Having found strcmp it's possible to set rdx to a value bigger than 0.

✅

Note that usually rdx will host already a value bigger than 0, so this step might not be necesary.

8. Finding Write or equivalent ​

Finally, it's needed a gadget that exfiltrates data in order to exfiltrate the binary. And at this moment it's possible to control 2 arguments and set rdx bigger than 0.

There are 3 common funtions taht could be abused for this:

  • puts(data)
  • dprintf(fd, data)
  • write(fd, data, len(data)

However, the original paper only mentions the write one, so lets talk about it:

The current problem is that we don't know where the write function is inside the PLT and we don't know a fd number to send the data to our socket.

However, we know where the PLT table is and it's possible to find write based on its behaviour. And we can create several connections with the server an d use a high FD hoping that it matches some of our connections.

Behaviour signatures to find those functions:

  • 'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (BROP + 0x9) + RIP + (BROP + 0x7) + p64(0) + p64(0) + (PLT + 0xb) + p64(ENTRY) + STOP -> If there is data printed, then puts was found
  • 'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (BROP + 0x9) + FD + (BROP + 0x7) + RIP + p64(0x0) + (PLT + 0xb) + p64(ENTRY) + STOP -> If there is data printed, then dprintf was found
  • 'A' * offset + canary + rbp + (BROP + 0x9) + RIP + (BROP + 0x7) + (RIP + 0x1) + p64(0x0) + (PLT + 0xb ) + p64(STRCMP ENTRY) + (BROP + 0x9) + FD + (BROP + 0x7) + RIP + p64(0x0) + (PLT + 0xb) + p64(ENTRY) + STOP -> If there is data printed, then write was found

Automatic Exploitation ​

References ​

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Other ways to support HackTricks: