Types of MSSQL Users

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Table taken from the docs.

Column name	Data type	Description
name	sysname	Name of principal, unique within the database.
principal_id	int	ID of principal, unique within the database.
type	char(1)	<p>Principal type: A = Application role C = User mapped to a certificate E = External user from Azure Active Directory G = Windows group K = User mapped to an asymmetric key R = Database role S = SQL user U = Windows user X = External group from Azure Active Directory group or applications</p>
type_desc	nvarchar(60)	<p>Description of principal type. APPLICATION_ROLE CERTIFICATE_MAPPED_USER EXTERNAL_USER WINDOWS_GROUP ASYMMETRIC_KEY_MAPPED_USER DATABASE_ROLE SQL_USER WINDOWS_USER EXTERNAL_GROUPS</p>
default_schema_name	sysname	Name to be used when SQL name does not specify a schema. Null for principals not of type S, U, or A.
create_date	datetime	Time at which the principal was created.
modify_date	datetime	Time at which the principal was last modified.
owning_principal_id	int	ID of the principal that owns this principal. All fixed Database Roles are owned by dbo by default.
sid	varbinary(85)	SID (Security Identifier) of the principal. NULL for SYS and INFORMATION SCHEMAS.
is_fixed_role	bit	If 1, this row represents an entry for one of the fixed database roles: db_owner, db_accessadmin, db_datareader, db_datawriter, db_ddladmin, db_securityadmin, db_backupoperator, db_denydatareader, db_denydatawriter.
authentication_type	int	<p><strong>Applies to</strong>: SQL Server 2012 (11.x) and later. Signifies authentication type. The following are the possible values and their descriptions. 0 : No authentication 1 : Instance authentication 2 : Database authentication 3 : Windows authentication 4 : Azure Active Directory authentication</p>
authentication_type_desc	nvarchar(60)	<p><strong>Applies to</strong>: SQL Server 2012 (11.x) and later. Description of the authentication type. The following are the possible values and their descriptions. <code>NONE</code> : No authentication <code>INSTANCE</code> : Instance authentication <code>DATABASE</code> : Database authentication <code>WINDOWS</code> : Windows authentication <code>EXTERNAL</code>: Azure Active Directory authentication</p>
default_language_name	sysname	<p><strong>Applies to</strong>: SQL Server 2012 (11.x) and later. Signifies the default language for this principal.</p>
default_language_lcid	int	<p><strong>Applies to</strong>: SQL Server 2012 (11.x) and later. Signifies the default LCID for this principal.</p>
allow_encrypted_value_modifications	bit	<p><strong>Applies to</strong>: SQL Server 2016 (13.x) and later, SQL Database. Suppresses cryptographic metadata checks on the server in bulk copy operations. This enables the user to bulk copy data encrypted using Always Encrypted, between tables or databases, without decrypting the data. The default is OFF.</p>

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